"""Concrete aircraft definitions for HyPlan. Each class is a thin :class:`~hyplan.aircraft.Aircraft` subclass that fills in the performance parameters for a specific airborne science platform. For backwards compatibility every class defined here is re-exported from :mod:`hyplan.aircraft`, so existing code that does ``from hyplan.aircraft import NASA_ER2`` continues to work. """ from __future__ import annotations from ._base import ( Aircraft, ApproachProfile, CasMachSchedule, ClimbOutPolicy, ClimbPlan, TasSchedule, VerticalProfile, TurnModel, PhaseBankAngles, PerformanceConfidence, SourceRecord, ) from ..units import ureg __all__ = [ "NASA_ER2", "NASA_GIII", "NASA_GIV", "NASA_GV", "NCAR_GV", "NASA_C20A", "NASA_P3", "NASA_WB57", "NASA_B777", "KingAirA90", "KingAirB200", "C130", "TwinOtter", ] # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Helper: build a descent TasSchedule from a cruise TasSchedule with # speed reduction applied. # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- def _descent_schedule_from_cruise( cruise_schedule: TasSchedule, speed_reduction_kt: float ) -> TasSchedule: """Build a descent speed schedule by reducing cruise TAS at all points.""" return TasSchedule( points=[ (alt, max(0, spd.m_as(ureg.knot) - speed_reduction_kt) * ureg.knot) for alt, spd in cruise_schedule.points ] ) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NASA high-altitude research aircraft # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- class NASA_ER2(Aircraft): """NASA ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft. Operates at 70,000 ft, acquiring data above 95% of the Earth's atmosphere. Based at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC). Speed schedules, vertical-rate profile, and approach behavior calibrated from cached NASA AFRC IWG1 in-situ flight logs covering NASA 806 and NASA 809. See [notebooks/calibration/er2/calibration.ipynb] for the full derivation: per-altitude-bin |VS| medians, breakpoint selection rules, and validation against per-sortie observed timing. Vertical-rate highlights from the calibration: * Weight-management level-offs and holds during climb-out are modeled explicitly via ``typical_climb_out``; the ``climb_profile`` itself is active-climb-only performance, not wall-clock climb-out timing. * Two-regime descent: peak idle-power |VS| ~3675 fpm at top-of- descent, decaying to ~840 fpm at top-of-approach as the aircraft configures for the terminal pattern. * Empirical 2.5° glideslope on the terminal approach (shallower than standard 3° ILS — ER-2's approach geometry as flown across the IWG1 sortie set; touchdown estimate uses 6 sorties with fixes ≤ 50 ft AGL after ground-taxi trim). See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/ER-2_-_AFRC `_ """ def __init__(self): # Distinct climb / cruise / descent TAS schedules from IWG1 per-altitude-bin # medians (cached NASA 806 + 809 sorties, bins with n >= 30 fixes). # Pre-Item-4 these were aliased to a single brochure 2-point linear curve; # the IWG1 data shows climb / descent are within ~5 kt of each other at # any given altitude (both reflect pitched flight) but cruise sits ~10-20 # kt higher in the 40-60 kft band. climb_schedule = TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 120 * ureg.knot), # extrapolated; 3 kft = 134 kt (20000 * ureg.feet, 224 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 19 kft median (40000 * ureg.feet, 308 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 41 kft median (60000 * ureg.feet, 397 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 61 kft median (70000 * ureg.feet, 410 * ureg.knot), # extrapolated above 67 kft ]) cruise_schedule = TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 130 * ureg.knot), # brochure-equivalent low-alt (50000 * ureg.feet, 374 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 51 kft median (60000 * ureg.feet, 388 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 59 kft median (65000 * ureg.feet, 401 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 65 kft median (n=51383) (70000 * ureg.feet, 410 * ureg.knot), # extrapolated above 67 kft ]) descent_schedule = TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 90 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 1 kft median (touchdown) (20000 * ureg.feet, 221 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 19 kft median (40000 * ureg.feet, 318 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 41 kft median (60000 * ureg.feet, 399 * ureg.knot), # IWG1 59 kft median (70000 * ureg.feet, 410 * ureg.knot), # extrapolated above 67 kft ]) super().__init__( aircraft_type="ER-2", tail_number="NASA 806", operator="NASA AFRC", service_ceiling=70000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=130 * ureg.knot, # legacy scalar; approach_profile is preferred climb_schedule=climb_schedule, cruise_schedule=cruise_schedule, descent_schedule=descent_schedule, # Active-climb median (VS >= 1500 fpm, ±2-kft bands around # {FL240, FL260, FL356} excluded — known weight-management # hold altitudes), 5-kft bins across the cached IWG1 sortie # set. Ships per-bin medians directly; non-monotone # mid-altitude bumps reflect real hold-band-adjacent climb # behaviour and are preserved. # # See `notebooks/calibration/er2/calibration.ipynb` §5 # for the active-only derivation and §6b for the IQR fit # validation. climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 4301 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 4330 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 3876 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 3934 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 3588 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 3113 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 2447 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 2083 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (45000 * ureg.feet, 1746 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (50000 * ureg.feet, 1618 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (55000 * ureg.feet, 1565 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), # Operational ceiling residual; FL600+ active-climb bins # are too sparse (n<30) for a reliable empirical fit. (66000 * ureg.feet, 200 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins # across 199 sorties. Replaces the earlier sparse 3-anchor # construction whose bottom anchor (735 fpm) was driven by # approach-speed fixes (low-VS gentle final descent), not # active descent — predictions for any FL030-FL250 transit # were systematically too slow by 800-1500 fpm. The new # bin-median profile sits inside every IQR for FL000-FL550 # where data is dense; FL600+ has sparser coverage and # natural steepening in the data is preserved here. See # ``notebooks/calibration/er2/calibration.ipynb`` §6b # for the IQR + median visualization. descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1630 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1871 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2042 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2312 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2477 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 2632 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 2720 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 2770 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 2755 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (45000 * ureg.feet, 2783 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (50000 * ureg.feet, 3051 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (55000 * ureg.feet, 2928 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (60000 * ureg.feet, 2194 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (65000 * ureg.feet, 1849 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Calibrated terminal-arrival profile (3 kft AGL -> touchdown). # 2.5° glideslope is the empirical median over 846 IWG1 # approach-phase fixes; touchdown 65 kt is the per-sortie # median TAS in the lowest 50 ft AGL band, n=6 sorties # contributing. Plausible for ER-2's flare regime — the # airframe has no conventional flaps, so it decelerates # close to stall in ground effect before touchdown. approach_profile=ApproachProfile( speed_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 65 * ureg.knot), # touchdown ( 200 * ureg.feet, 71 * ureg.knot), # interpolated (1000 * ureg.feet, 94 * ureg.knot), # interpolated (3000 * ureg.feet, 151 * ureg.knot), # top-of-approach ]), top_of_approach_agl=3000 * ureg.feet, glideslope_deg=2.51, ), # max_bank_deg=30 is the brochure / envelope ceiling — well- # supported by IWG1 (p90 < 30° in every altitude band). # bank_by_phase carries the calibrated *typical-operations* # medians from the IWG1 sortie set (n=12 686 turn fixes) and # is consumed by Aircraft._hybrid_path (per-phase turn radius) # and loiter_orbit_geometry (phase-aware orbit radius). turn_model=TurnModel( max_bank_deg=30.0, bank_by_phase=PhaseBankAngles( climb_deg=11.0, # 10-30 kft band p50 (climb regime) cruise_deg=20.0, # 50-70 kft band p50 (n=9782 fixes) descent_deg=16.0, # 30-50 kft band p50 (descent transit) approach_deg=9.0, # 0-10 kft band p50 (terminal area) ), ), engine_type="jet", range=5000 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=8 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=2900 * ureg.pound, # Calibrated max descent flight path angle. IWG1 cross-fleet # descent FPA distribution: median 2°, p90 7°, p99 10°. 6° is # a conservative envelope that captures normal operations # (covers p90 in every altitude band except 10-15 kft where # p90 reaches 9°) and avoids the sustained steep descents # only seen in approach-prep / abort / unusual profiles. # When a leg is shorter than the preferred descent distance, # _hybrid_path scales descent VS up to fit rather than # spiraling at end of leg. descent_path_angle_max_deg=6.0, # climb_path_angle_max_deg=6.0 disables _hybrid_path's # short_climb spiral-up absorption — the climb either # fits in the leg (steepened to FPA <= 6°) or, on legs # too short to fit, the planner falls back to the # spiral-up regime regardless of this cap. With the # active-climb-only climb_profile, pure # _climb() integration is now what the model represents, # and the typical pre-cruise mission overhead is # injected explicitly via the typical_climb_out below. climb_path_angle_max_deg=6.0, typical_climb_out=ClimbOutPolicy( # climb_profile is active-only and the planner reads # `explicit_climb_plan` via # `compute_flight_plan(climb_plan="auto")` (the # default). This recovers empirical-typical # wall-clock TOC honestly: the holds appear as # explicit `loiter` segments in the plan dataframe, # not absorbed into the climb_profile values. absorbed_in_climb_profile=False, typical_holds=[ (24_000 * ureg.feet, 1 * ureg.minute), # FL240 brief level-off (26_000 * ureg.feet, 1 * ureg.minute), # FL260 brief level-off (35_600 * ureg.feet, 12 * ureg.minute), # FL356 weight-band .delay (median) ], typical_overhead_min=14.0, notes=( "climb_profile is active-climb-only (cached NASA 806 + 809 IWG1 " "median per 5-kft bin, VS >= 1500 fpm filter, hold " "bands excluded). Pre-cruise mission overhead is " "injected via explicit_climb_plan when the caller " "uses climb_plan='auto' (the default). The 12-min " "FL356 hold is the median of the cached sortie set; " "individual sorties range 0-25+ min. Power users " "wanting pure aircraft physics pass climb_plan=None " "to bypass the typical-mission absorption. See " "notebooks/calibration/er2/planned_vs_flown.ipynb §16." ), explicit_climb_plan=ClimbPlan(pauses=[ # Median weight-band .delay duration across the # cached sortie set. Single representative pause # at FL356 — brief FL240/FL260 level-offs are # too short to be worth modelling explicitly and # contribute <2 min combined. (35_600 * ureg.feet, 12 * ureg.minute), ]), ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NASA Airborne Science fact sheet, ER-2 at AFRC", confidence=0.6, ), SourceRecord( source_type="iwg1", reference=( "NASA AFRC IWG1 in-situ flight logs from cached " "NASA 806 + 809 sorties; " "calibrated climb (active-only median, VS >= 1500 fpm " "outside known hold bands), descent (median), " "approach_profile with empirical glideslope, and " "descent_path_angle_max_deg (p90 envelope)" ), confidence=0.8, ), ], ) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Gulfstream business jets (NASA) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- class NASA_GIII(Aircraft): """NASA Gulfstream III (NASA 520) research aircraft. Operated by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/Gulfstream_III_-_LaRC `_ """ def __init__(self): # Calibrated against 153 IWG1 sorties from NASA 520, combining # the local "n520NA_g3_alltracks.csv" delivery (2025-07 through # 2026-04) with the public NASA ASP archive # (asp-archive.arc.nasa.gov/N520NA, FY2024-FY2026). See # ``notebooks/calibration/giii/calibration.ipynb``. super().__init__( aircraft_type="Gulfstream III", tail_number="NASA 520", operator="NASA LaRC", # p99 of per-sortie peak altitude across 153 sorties; the # broader sample shows the 45000 ft AFM ceiling is reached # in some campaigns. service_ceiling=45000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=139 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 150 * ureg.knot), # rotation (10000 * ureg.feet, 339 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 421 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 446 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 436 * ureg.knot), ]), cruise_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ (25000 * ureg.feet, 406 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 472 * ureg.knot), (35000 * ureg.feet, 449 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 455 * ureg.knot), ]), descent_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 180 * ureg.knot), # final approach (10000 * ureg.feet, 329 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 410 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 453 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 463 * ureg.knot), ]), # Active-climb median (VS >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins, n>=30/bin. # Peak ROC near FL050 (250-KCAS-below-FL100 constraint at SL); # profile is non-monotone by design. climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 2113 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 2616 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2253 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2135 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1916 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 1926 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 1853 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 1688 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 1840 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (45000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins. # Descent VS peaks near FL150 (VMO descent in CAS) and # declines in upper levels (Mach-limited descent). descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1778 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1907 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2155 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2492 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2425 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 2365 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 2481 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 2088 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 2007 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # p90 |Roll| during turn-state fixes (gate >5°, n=40,523): # 30°, the operational ceiling the data shows the aircraft # actually willing to use. Median (20°) is dragged down by # small in-cruise course corrections; p90 captures the # bank used during real survey-line transitions. turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="jet", range=3767 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=7.5 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=2610 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.85, cruise=0.85, descent=0.85, turns=0.8, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="iwg1", reference="NASA 520 IWG1 calibration, n=153 sorties (in-house + ASP archive FY2024-FY2026)", confidence=0.85, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NASA Airborne Science fact sheet; EUROCONTROL GLF3", confidence=0.5, ), ], # Vs0 at landing config, MLW per Gulfstream III AFM. IWG1 # data never sees stall (slowest cruise TAS is ~250 kt at # FL040), so this is brochure-derived not measured. stall_speed_cas=105 * ureg.knot, ) class NASA_GIV(Aircraft): """NASA Gulfstream IV (NASA 817) research aircraft. Twin turbofan operated by NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC). .. warning:: **Uncalibrated.** Performance values come from manufacturer brochures / type-certificate data; no in-situ flight-data fit has been performed. Treat planning output as a best-effort starting point. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/Gulfstream_IV_-_AFRC `_ """ def __init__(self): cruise = TasSchedule(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 292 * ureg.knot), (45000 * ureg.feet, 459 * ureg.knot), ]) super().__init__( aircraft_type="Gulfstream IV", tail_number="NASA 817", operator="NASA AFRC", service_ceiling=45000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=140 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=cruise, cruise_schedule=cruise, descent_schedule=_descent_schedule_from_cruise(cruise, 49), climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 4000 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (45000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 1500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="jet", range=5130 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="uncalibrated", endurance=7.5 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=5610 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.4, cruise=0.4, descent=0.35, turns=0.5, ), sources=[SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NASA Airborne Science fact sheet; EUROCONTROL GLF4", notes="[ESTIMATED — same as GIII, needs GIV AFM data]", confidence=0.4, )], ) class NASA_GV(Aircraft): """NASA Gulfstream V research aircraft. Operated by NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC). Service ceiling 51,000 ft, cruise speed 500 kt (Mach 0.80). Currently undergoing modifications expected to conclude ~August 2026. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/Gulfstream_V_-_AFRC `_ """ def __init__(self): # Vertical profiles, approach, bank, and stall calibrated against # 100 IWG1 sorties from NASA 95 (data/n95na_2019.csv, # n95na_2020_2022.csv, n95na_2023_2026.csv), 2019 through 2026. # See ``notebooks/calibration/gv/calibration.ipynb`` for the # active-only fits. CasMachSchedule speed parameters retained # — the data confirms M0.80 cruise above ~FL300, validating the # existing schedule shape. super().__init__( aircraft_type="Gulfstream V", tail_number="NASA 95", operator="NASA AFRC", # Certified 51 kft is achievable; this dataset shows the # JSC G-V mostly cruises at FL400 (p99 of peak alt = 45 kft) # for science reasons, but the airframe is capable above. service_ceiling=51000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=126 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=CasMachSchedule( cas=280 * ureg.knot, mach=0.74, crossover_ft=28000, ), cruise_schedule=CasMachSchedule( cas=300 * ureg.knot, mach=0.80, crossover_ft=30000, ), descent_schedule=CasMachSchedule( cas=290 * ureg.knot, mach=0.78, crossover_ft=30000, ), # Active-climb median (VS >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins, # n>=30/bin. Replaces the earlier brochure-grade points # which over-stated SL ROC (3800 -> ~2200 actual). climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 2196 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 2521 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2284 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2266 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2003 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 1896 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 1804 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 1734 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), # Residual rate at certified ceiling so the integrator # terminates cleanly. (51000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins. descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1703 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1806 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1873 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2209 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2331 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 2481 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 2432 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 2091 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 1824 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), turn_model=TurnModel( bank_by_phase=PhaseBankAngles( climb_deg=20, cruise_deg=25, descent_deg=20, approach_deg=15, ), # AFM normal-ops bank (30°), not the data p90 (27°, # n=40,626 turn fixes). AFRC G-V missions in this # dataset are transit / sampling, not survey grids, # so the IWG1 sample doesn't see the tight-bank # flight-line transitions a science planner might use. max_bank_deg=30.0, ), engine_type="jet", range=5500 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=13 * ureg.hour, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.85, cruise=0.5, descent=0.85, turns=0.8, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="iwg1", reference="NASA 95 IWG1 calibration, n=101 sorties (in-house + ASP archive FY2019-FY2021)", confidence=0.85, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NASA Airborne Science fact sheet, GV at AFRC", confidence=0.5, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="EUROCONTROL Aircraft Performance Database, GLF5", confidence=0.5, ), ], # Vs0 at landing config, MLW per Gulfstream V AFM. # Brochure-derived; IWG1 data never sees stall. stall_speed_cas=104 * ureg.knot, ) class NCAR_GV(Aircraft): """NSF/NCAR HIAPER Gulfstream V research aircraft (N677F). Operated by NSF NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL). Same airframe family as NASA_GV but a separate operational tail with different mission profile and avionics. HIAPER routinely cruises FL410-FL510 on long-duration atmospheric campaigns (HIPPO, SOCRATES, ORCAS, ATTREX) and carries a different flight-data suite (high-rate 25-Hz NetCDF). .. note:: **Inferred.** Performance is mirrored from the calibrated ``NASA_GV`` model (same airframe class). HIAPER-specific IWG1 calibration is deferred until NCAR EOL data access is secured. Output is more reliable than a brochure-only model but may not capture HIAPER-specific operational differences. See also: `https://www.eol.ucar.edu/observing_facilities/hiaper` """ def __init__(self): # CALIBRATION DEFERRED: NCAR EOL data archive is auth-walled # (one-line ORDER request through email). Until that data is # fetched, HIAPER ships with the same calibrated values as # NASA_GV (153 IWG1 sorties from NASA 95) — the airframes are # operationally similar and the brochure performance is # identical. When per-tail HIAPER data is available, replace # these with HIAPER-specific bin medians. See # ``project_hiaper_calibration.md`` memory entry for the # fetch path. super().__init__( aircraft_type="Gulfstream V", tail_number="N677F", operator="NSF/NCAR EOL", service_ceiling=51000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=126 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=CasMachSchedule( cas=280 * ureg.knot, mach=0.74, crossover_ft=28000, ), cruise_schedule=CasMachSchedule( cas=300 * ureg.knot, mach=0.80, crossover_ft=30000, ), descent_schedule=CasMachSchedule( cas=290 * ureg.knot, mach=0.78, crossover_ft=30000, ), climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 2196 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 2521 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2284 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2266 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2003 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 1896 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 1804 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 1734 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (51000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1703 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1806 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1873 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2209 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2331 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 2481 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 2432 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 2091 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 1824 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), turn_model=TurnModel( bank_by_phase=PhaseBankAngles( climb_deg=20, cruise_deg=25, descent_deg=20, approach_deg=15, ), max_bank_deg=30.0, ), engine_type="jet", range=6500 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="inferred", endurance=14 * ureg.hour, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( # Inferred from NASA_GV; HIAPER-specific calibration deferred. climb=0.7, cruise=0.7, descent=0.7, turns=0.7, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="inferred", reference="Mirrors NASA_GV calibration (101 IWG1 sorties); HIAPER (N677F) shares the G-V airframe and brochure performance", confidence=0.7, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NSF/NCAR HIAPER Investigator Handbook; EUROCONTROL GLF5", confidence=0.5, ), ], stall_speed_cas=104 * ureg.knot, ) class NASA_C20A(Aircraft): """NASA C-20A (Gulfstream III variant, NASA 502) research aircraft. Obtained from the U.S. Air Force in 2003. Primary platform for UAVSAR missions. Operated by NASA AFRC. .. note:: **Inferred.** Performance is mirrored from the calibrated ``NASA_GIII`` model (same type certificate). C-20A-specific IWG1 calibration is deferred pending data access. Output is more reliable than a brochure-only model but may not capture C-20A-specific operational differences. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/Gulfstream_C-20A_GIII_-_AFRC `_ """ def __init__(self): # Inferred from NASA_GIII calibration (153 IWG1 sorties). # The C-20A is a Gulfstream III military variant — same # airframe, same engines (Spey Mk.511-8), same type # certificate as the civilian G-III used by NASA LaRC. No # public C-20A IWG1/ICARTT data is available (NASA AFRC # publishes UAVSAR remote-sensing products, not housekeeping # nav), so the cruise / climb / descent / approach / bank # values here mirror the calibrated NASA_GIII directly. # When per-tail C-20A data becomes available it should # replace this; differences from the LaRC G-III would mostly # come from operational profile (UAVSAR survey grids vs # transit) rather than aircraft physics. super().__init__( aircraft_type="C-20A", tail_number="NASA 502", operator="NASA AFRC", service_ceiling=45000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=139 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 150 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 339 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 421 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 446 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 436 * ureg.knot), ]), cruise_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ (25000 * ureg.feet, 406 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 472 * ureg.knot), (35000 * ureg.feet, 449 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 455 * ureg.knot), ]), descent_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 180 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 329 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 410 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 453 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 463 * ureg.knot), ]), climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 2113 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 2616 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2253 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2135 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1916 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 1926 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 1853 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 1688 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 1840 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (45000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1778 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1907 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2155 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2492 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2425 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 2365 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 2481 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 2088 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 2007 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="jet", range=3400 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="inferred", endurance=6 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=2500 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( # Inferred from G-III; not directly calibrated against # C-20A data. Confidence reflects airframe-equivalence # assumption rather than measurement. climb=0.7, cruise=0.7, descent=0.7, turns=0.7, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="inferred", reference="Mirrors NASA_GIII calibration (153 IWG1 sorties); C-20A is a G-III military variant", confidence=0.7, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NASA Airborne Science fact sheet; EUROCONTROL GLF3", confidence=0.5, ), ], stall_speed_cas=105 * ureg.knot, ) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NASA turboprops # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- class NASA_P3(Aircraft): """NASA P-3 Orion (NASA 426) airborne science laboratory. Four-engine turboprop capable of long-duration flights (8–14 hours) and large payloads up to 18,000 lbs. Operated by NASA Wallops Flight Facility (WFF). See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/P-3_Orion `_ """ def __init__(self): # Calibrated against 252 IWG1 sorties from NASA 426 (P3-B), # combining a local "p3_alltracks.csv" delivery with the public # NASA ASP archive (asp-archive.arc.nasa.gov/N426NA, FY2003 # through FY2025). Filter MAX_PEAK_ALT_FT=32000 in the # calibration notebook excludes 4 sorties peaking 35-55 kft # — those are tail-number reassignments where N426NA was # recorded for a different (jet-class) airframe; not P-3 data. # See ``notebooks/calibration/p3/calibration.ipynb``. super().__init__( aircraft_type="P-3 Orion", tail_number="NASA 426", operator="NASA WFF", # p99 of per-sortie peak altitude across 252 valid sorties. service_ceiling=27000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=132 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 110 * ureg.knot), # rotation ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 250 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 264 * ureg.knot), (15000 * ureg.feet, 277 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 288 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 306 * ureg.knot), ]), cruise_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ (15000 * ureg.feet, 320 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 333 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 346 * ureg.knot), (28000 * ureg.feet, 346 * ureg.knot), ]), descent_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 130 * ureg.knot), # final approach ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 257 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 283 * ureg.knot), (15000 * ureg.feet, 307 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 330 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 345 * ureg.knot), ]), # Active-climb median (VS >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins, # n>=30/bin. Flat ~1640 fpm through FL150 reflects the # P-3's even turboprop power band; brochure 3500 fpm is # full-power MTOW SL ROC, rarely sustained in actual sorties. climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1647 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1663 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1640 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 1596 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1532 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), # Residual at the brochure ceiling so the integrator # terminates cleanly. (30000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins. descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1672 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1737 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1716 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 1706 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1638 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # AFM normal-ops bank (30°), not the data p90 (27°, # n=687,102 turn fixes). Most P-3 missions are transit / # sampling profiles, not survey grids; airframe is # capable of 30° normal ops. turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="turboprop", range=3800 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=12 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=18000 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.85, cruise=0.85, descent=0.85, turns=0.8, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="iwg1", reference="NASA 426 IWG1 calibration, n=252 sorties (in-house + ASP archive FY2003-FY2025; 4 mislabeled high-alt sorties filtered)", confidence=0.85, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NASA Airborne Science fact sheet, P-3 Orion at WFF", confidence=0.5, ), ], stall_speed_cas=95 * ureg.knot, ) class NASA_WB57(Aircraft): """NASA WB-57 (NASA 927) high-altitude research aircraft. Based at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), Ellington Field. Operates up to 60,000 ft with 8,800 lbs useful payload. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/WB-57_-_JSC `_ """ def __init__(self): # Calibrated against 100 IWG1 sorties combined from NASA 926 # (data/n926na_alltracks.csv) and NASA 927 # (data/n927na_alltracks.csv), 2018-11 through 2024. See # ``notebooks/calibration/wb57/calibration.ipynb`` for the # active-only fits and per-phase TAS / bank derivations. super().__init__( aircraft_type="WB-57", tail_number="NASA 926/927", operator="NASA JSC", # p99 of per-sortie peak altitude across 100 sorties. service_ceiling=63000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=117 * ureg.knot, # Climb-phase TAS medians. SL anchor at typical jet # rotation TAS (150 kt) since the SL climb-phase bin is # contaminated by takeoff-roll fixes still accelerating. # FL600 bin (n=257) is sparse and dips relative to FL500; # interpolation handles the gap cleanly. climb_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 150 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 200 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 234 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 276 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 330 * ureg.knot), (50000 * ureg.feet, 374 * ureg.knot), ]), # Cruise-phase TAS medians at the typical cruise band. # FL450 is the dominant cruise altitude (n=349,982 cruise # fixes vs n=51,103 at FL500); only ~22% of sorties peak # above FL500 and only ~5% reach FL600. The schedule # anchors on FL400 onward to match the actual operational # envelope. cruise_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ (40000 * ureg.feet, 337 * ureg.knot), (45000 * ureg.feet, 348 * ureg.knot), (50000 * ureg.feet, 366 * ureg.knot), (55000 * ureg.feet, 382 * ureg.knot), (60000 * ureg.feet, 381 * ureg.knot), (62000 * ureg.feet, 381 * ureg.knot), ]), # Descent-phase TAS medians; SL anchor at observed # final-approach TAS (140 kt). descent_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 140 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 205 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 241 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 278 * ureg.knot), (40000 * ureg.feet, 326 * ureg.knot), (50000 * ureg.feet, 372 * ureg.knot), ]), # Active-climb median (VS >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins, # n>=30/bin. Peak ROC near FL050-100 (~2900 fpm), # declining through the cruise band. climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 2137 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 2889 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 2843 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2788 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 2680 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 2514 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 2194 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 1790 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 1614 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (45000 * ureg.feet, 1674 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), # Residual rate at the certified ceiling so the # integrator terminates cleanly. (65000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins. descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1638 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1864 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1949 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 2004 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1996 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 2196 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 2396 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (35000 * ureg.feet, 2463 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (40000 * ureg.feet, 2191 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # p90 |Roll| during turn-state fixes (gate >5°, # n=156,946): 33°. Median (19°) is dragged down by # small in-cruise course corrections. turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=33.0), engine_type="jet", range=2500 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=6.5 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=8800 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.85, cruise=0.85, descent=0.85, turns=0.8, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="iwg1", reference="NASA 926+927 IWG1 calibration, n=100 sorties (2018-11 to 2024)", confidence=0.85, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="NASA Airborne Science fact sheet, WB-57 at JSC", confidence=0.5, ), ], # Vs0 at landing config, MLW per WB-57 AFM (B-57 / Canberra # derivative). Brochure-derived; IWG1 data never sees stall. stall_speed_cas=100 * ureg.knot, ) class NASA_B777(Aircraft): """NASA Boeing 777 long-range research aircraft. Operated by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). Very large payload capacity (75,000 lbs) and long endurance (18 hours). .. warning:: **Uncalibrated.** Performance values come from manufacturer brochures / type-certificate data; no in-situ flight-data fit has been performed. Treat planning output as a best-effort starting point. """ def __init__(self): cruise = TasSchedule(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 350 * ureg.knot), (43000 * ureg.feet, 487 * ureg.knot), ]) super().__init__( aircraft_type="B777", tail_number="Unknown", operator="NASA LaRC", service_ceiling=43000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=150 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=cruise, cruise_schedule=cruise, descent_schedule=_descent_schedule_from_cruise(cruise, 30), climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 2500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (43000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 1500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="jet", range=9000 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="uncalibrated", endurance=18 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=75000 * ureg.pound, ) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # King Air turboprops # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- class KingAirA90(Aircraft): """Beechcraft King Air A90 twin-turboprop aircraft. .. warning:: **Uncalibrated.** Performance values come from manufacturer brochures with no in-situ flight-data fit. No public IWG1-grade A-90 data is currently available; calibration is deferred. Treat planning output as a best-effort starting point. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/Beechcraft_King_Air_A90 `_ """ def __init__(self): cruise = TasSchedule(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 170 * ureg.knot), (30000 * ureg.feet, 230 * ureg.knot), ]) super().__init__( aircraft_type="King Air 90", tail_number="Unknown", operator="Unknown", service_ceiling=30000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=110 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=cruise, cruise_schedule=cruise, descent_schedule=_descent_schedule_from_cruise(cruise, 10), climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 1800 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (30000 * ureg.feet, 100 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ (0 * ureg.feet, 1500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="turboprop", range=1500 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="uncalibrated", endurance=6 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=2950 * ureg.pound, ) class KingAirB200(Aircraft): """Beechcraft King Air B200 twin-turboprop aircraft. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/Beechcraft_King_Air_A200 `_ """ def __init__(self): # Calibrated against NASA ICARTT sorties from multiple # B-200 / UC-12 (military variant) campaigns: ACTAMERICA # Hskping (NASA 529 LaRC), DISCOVER-AQ California / Colorado / # Texas APPLANIX, KORUS-AQ B200 NAV, LMOS UC12 NAV. See # ``notebooks/calibration/b200/calibration.ipynb``. super().__init__( aircraft_type="King Air 200", tail_number="multi-tail", operator="NASA (multiple)", # p99 of per-sortie peak altitude across 272 sorties. The # 35000 ft brochure ceiling is rarely flown; typical # operational peaks land at FL280-FL300. service_ceiling=30000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=112 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 110 * ureg.knot), # rotation ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 185 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 195 * ureg.knot), (15000 * ureg.feet, 205 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 206 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 212 * ureg.knot), ]), cruise_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ (10000 * ureg.feet, 224 * ureg.knot), (15000 * ureg.feet, 230 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 239 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 238 * ureg.knot), (28000 * ureg.feet, 238 * ureg.knot), ]), descent_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 130 * ureg.knot), # final approach ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 207 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 224 * ureg.knot), (15000 * ureg.feet, 240 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 253 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 251 * ureg.knot), ]), # Active-climb median (VS >= 1000 fpm), 5-kft bins, n>=30/bin. # Threshold lowered from the 1500 fpm default so the climb # bins extend through FL250 — above FL150 the B-200's # active-climb VS is normally 1000-1300 fpm. climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1411 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1439 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1347 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 1190 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1068 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 1031 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), # Residual at service_ceiling so the integrator # terminates cleanly there. (30000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 1000 fpm), 5-kft bins. descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1212 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1310 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1397 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 1551 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1852 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 1406 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # AFM normal-ops bank. Data p90=26° (n turn fixes across # 250 sorties), so AFM 30° is the binding ceiling. turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="turboprop", range=1632 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=6 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=4250 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.85, cruise=0.85, descent=0.85, turns=0.85, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="icartt", reference="Multi-campaign ICARTT calibration (ACTAMERICA, DISCOVER-AQ, KORUS-AQ, LMOS)", confidence=0.85, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="Beechcraft King Air B200 AFM", confidence=0.5, ), ], # Vs0 at landing config, MLW per Beechcraft B200 AFM. stall_speed_cas=75 * ureg.knot, ) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Other research / military aircraft # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- class C130(Aircraft): """C-130H Hercules four-engine turboprop transport / research aircraft. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/C-130H_-_WFF `_ """ def __init__(self): # Calibrated against 87 IWG1 sorties from NASA Wallops C-130H # (NASA 436) flying the ACT-America campaign 2016-2019. Data # downloaded from the public NASA ASP archive at # https://asp-archive.arc.nasa.gov/ACTAMERICA/N436NA/ via # ``notebooks/calibration/c130/_fetch_act_america.py``. See # ``notebooks/calibration/c130/calibration.ipynb`` for the # active-only fits and per-phase TAS / bank / approach # derivations. super().__init__( aircraft_type="C-130H Hercules", tail_number="NASA 436", operator="NASA WFF", # p99 of per-sortie peak altitude across 87 sorties; the # 33000 ft brochure ceiling is rarely flown — typical # ACT-America cruise band is FL200-FL280. service_ceiling=28000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=126 * ureg.knot, # Climb-phase TAS medians. SL anchor at typical C-130 # rotation TAS (~110 kt) since the SL climb-phase bin is # contaminated by takeoff-roll fixes still accelerating. climb_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 110 * ureg.knot), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 234 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 239 * ureg.knot), (15000 * ureg.feet, 240 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 250 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 257 * ureg.knot), ]), # Cruise-phase TAS medians at the typical cruise band. # Below FL200 cruise-labeled bins are mostly transient # level-offs during step climbs. cruise_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ (20000 * ureg.feet, 305 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 302 * ureg.knot), (28000 * ureg.feet, 302 * ureg.knot), ]), # Descent-phase TAS medians; SL anchor at observed # final-approach TAS (130 kt). descent_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 130 * ureg.knot), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 260 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 283 * ureg.knot), (15000 * ureg.feet, 304 * ureg.knot), (20000 * ureg.feet, 311 * ureg.knot), (25000 * ureg.feet, 301 * ureg.knot), ]), # Active-climb median (VS >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins, # n>=30/bin. Flat across the climb envelope (~1620-1640 # fpm SL through FL150) reflects the C-130's even turboprop # power band; brochure 2000 fpm SL ROC is rarely sustained # in actual ACT-America sorties. climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1623 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1627 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1643 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 1624 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), # Residual at service_ceiling so the integrator # terminates cleanly there. Active-climb VS data only # extends to FL150 (above that the aircraft is climbing # below the 1500-fpm active threshold). (28000 * ureg.feet, 500 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 1500 fpm), 5-kft bins. descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 1634 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 1695 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 1700 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (15000 * ureg.feet, 1644 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (20000 * ureg.feet, 1580 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 1563 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # AFM normal-ops bank (30°), not the data p90 (27°). # ACT-America is a transit / vertical-profile mission, # not a survey grid, so the IWG1 sample never sees the # tight-bank flight-line transitions a science planner # might reasonably plan for. turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="turboprop", range=2500 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=10 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=45000 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.85, cruise=0.85, descent=0.85, turns=0.8, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="iwg1", reference="NASA 436+439 IWG1 calibration, n=91 sorties (ASP archive ACT-America 2016-2019; both NASA WFF tails)", confidence=0.85, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="C-130H AFM", confidence=0.5, ), ], # Vs0 at landing config, MLW per C-130H AFM. # Brochure-derived; IWG1 data never sees stall. stall_speed_cas=100 * ureg.knot, ) class TwinOtter(Aircraft): """DHC-6 Twin Otter STOL twin-turboprop utility aircraft. See also: `https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/Twin_Otter_-_CIRPAS_-_NPS `_ """ def __init__(self): # Calibrated against 17 ICARTT sorties from FIREX-AQ N48RF # (NOAA DHC-6 Twin Otter), summer 2019. AIMSS Probe in-situ # data — TAS, attitude, wind, pressure. Twin Otter climbs # slowly compared to jets/turboprops, so the active-climb # threshold in the calibration notebook is 500 fpm (vs the # 1500 fpm used for jets and 1000 fpm used for B-200). super().__init__( aircraft_type="DHC-6 Twin Otter", tail_number="N48RF", operator="NOAA", # p99 of per-sortie peak across 17 sorties; 25000 ft # brochure ceiling not approached in the FIREX-AQ data # (typical ops cruise FL080-FL120). service_ceiling=15000 * ureg.feet, approach_speed=99 * ureg.knot, climb_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 70 * ureg.knot), # rotation ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 118 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 128 * ureg.knot), (12000 * ureg.feet, 128 * ureg.knot), ]), cruise_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 138 * ureg.knot), ( 8000 * ureg.feet, 141 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 141 * ureg.knot), (12000 * ureg.feet, 141 * ureg.knot), ]), descent_schedule=TasSchedule(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 90 * ureg.knot), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 143 * ureg.knot), (10000 * ureg.feet, 148 * ureg.knot), (12000 * ureg.feet, 148 * ureg.knot), ]), # Active-climb median (VS >= 500 fpm), 5-kft bins. The # FIREX-AQ data peaks at FL100-FL130; lowering the # threshold further wouldn't add bins since most sorties # don't climb actively above FL100. climb_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 770 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 769 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 665 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (25000 * ureg.feet, 200 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), # Active-descent median (|VS| >= 500 fpm), 5-kft bins. descent_profile=VerticalProfile(points=[ ( 0 * ureg.feet, 663 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ( 5000 * ureg.feet, 733 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), (10000 * ureg.feet, 657 * ureg.feet / ureg.minute), ]), turn_model=TurnModel(max_bank_deg=30.0), engine_type="turboprop", range=800 * ureg.nautical_mile, calibration_status="calibrated", endurance=6 * ureg.hour, useful_payload=4000 * ureg.pound, confidence=PerformanceConfidence( climb=0.85, cruise=0.85, descent=0.85, turns=0.85, ), sources=[ SourceRecord( source_type="icartt", reference="FIREX-AQ N48RF Twin Otter ICARTT calibration, n=17 sorties (2019)", confidence=0.85, ), SourceRecord( source_type="brochure", reference="DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300 manual", confidence=0.5, ), ], stall_speed_cas=58 * ureg.knot, # Vs0 landing config, MTOW )